{"id":390,"date":"2024-10-16T11:20:45","date_gmt":"2024-10-16T03:20:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hgcpi.com\/?p=390"},"modified":"2024-10-16T11:21:38","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T03:21:38","slug":"%e5%92%8c%e5%85%89%e7%bf%bb%e8%af%91%ef%bd%9c%e9%9f%b3%e4%b9%90%e5%92%8c%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%aa%e4%ba%ba%e9%a3%8e%e6%a0%bc-%e5%af%b9%e4%b8%aa%e4%ba%ba%e7%bb%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.hgcpi.com\/?p=390","title":{"rendered":"\u548c\u5149\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff5c\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u98ce\u683c\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8be6\u5c3d\u63a2\u8be2\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\uff08\u4e0a\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u53f2\u8482\u6587.\u5854\u5e03\u6797\uff08Steven Tublin \uff09\u535a\u58eb<\/h4>\n

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*\u672c\u6587\u7ecf\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u56db\u5ddd\u548c\u5149\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f9b\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f7f\u7528<\/h4>\n
\n

StevenTublinPhDSteven Tublin\u535a\u58eb\u662fWAWI\uff08\u5a01\u5ec9.\u963f\u5170\u68ee.\u6000\u7279\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u5206\u6790\u5e08(TA)\u548c\u7763\u5bfc\u5206\u6790\u5e08(SA)\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u5b66\u540e\u671f\u535a\u58eb\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6559\u5458\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u6559\u5458\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8eaf\u4f53\u4f53\u9a8c\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8d44\u683c\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u521b\u4f24\u3002\u4ed6\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u591a\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u8bdd\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8eaf\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u6388\u3001\u7763\u5bfc\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0cTublin\u535a\u58eb\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n

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                                        \u25a0 \u25a0 \u25a0<\/code><\/pre>\n
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\n\u6211\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u6211\u5c0a\u656c\u548c\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u9676\u9189\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u7a7a\u6d1e\u3001\u80a4\u6d45\u3001\u51b7\u6f20\u3001\u602a\u5f02\u3001\u539f\u59cb\u6216\u5e72\u8106\u8bf4\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4e3a\u4f55\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5531\u7247\u5982\u6b64\u559c\u6b22\uff1f\u535a\u62c9\u65af\uff08Bollas\uff0c1992 \u5e74\uff09\u66fe\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5ba2\u4f53\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u6e29\u5c3c\u79d1\u7279\u5f0f\u7684 "\u4e2d\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08intermediate space\uff09"\uff0c\u5373 "\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u5ba2\u4f53\u76f8\u9047 "\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff08\u7b2c 18 \u9875\uff09\u3002\u5728\u76f8\u9047\u7684\u77ac\u95f4\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5ba2\u4f53\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u88ab\u5ba2\u4f53\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u535a\u62c9\u65af\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ac\u95f4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f "\u4e2a\u4eba\u98ce\u683c"\u5728\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5ba2\u4f53\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u98ce\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u6e34\u671b\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u601d\u7ef4\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Bollas \u6240\u8bf4\uff0c" \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u610f\u4e49\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u73b0\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u91ca\u653e\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c"\uff08\u7b2c 42 \u9875\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u9971\u548c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u53bb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u00a0
\n\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6211\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5ba2\u4f53\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u4f5c\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u85c9\u6b64\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2a\u4eba\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9762\u5411\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6c99\u5229\u6587\u5f0f\u8be6\u7ec6\u8be2\u95ee\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e8\u5728\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u60a3\u8005\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u7c7b "\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u5ba2\u4f53"\uff08Bollas, 1992, p. 20; Winnicott, 1953, 1967\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u7740\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u53cc\u65b9\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8be2\u95ee\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6613\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u75c5\u4eba\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u6216\u6587\u5316\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e2d\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u65e6\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u5c31\u80fd\u51ed\u76f4\u89c9\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0e\u901a\u8fc7\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u5524\u8d77\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e09\u89d2\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8c\u5143\u6750\u6599\u80cc\u666f\u5316\uff0c\u52a0\u6df1\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u5bf9\u60a3\u8005\u751f\u6d3b\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7247\u65ad\uff0c\u6765\u5448\u73b0\u6b64\u7c7b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u886c\u6258\u79fb\u60c5\/\u53cd\u79fb\u60c5\u77e9\u9635\u63a2\u7d22\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u6750\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0\u63a2\u7d22\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\u00a0
\n\u535a\u62c9\u65af (1992)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u6709\u6548\u76f8\u9047\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6240\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u535a\u62c9\u65af\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a "\u5229\u7528\u7ed3\u6784\uff08use-structure\uff09"\uff08\u7b2c 33 \u9875\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u4f53\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4e4e\u6d77\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ea\u8ffd\u6c42\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5fc3\u7406\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u535a\u62c9\u65af\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u5bf9\u8d1d\u591a\u82ac\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ea4\u54cd\u66f2\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u9996\u66f2\u5b50\u6bd4\u5df4\u8d6b\u7684\u300aB \u5c0f\u8c03\u5f25\u6492\u66f2\u300b\u6216\u7075\u9b42\u4e50\u5148\u9a71\u8a79\u59c6\u65af.\u5e03\u6717\uff08James Brown\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\uff08\u4ed6\u4e5f\u559c\u6b22\u540e\u8005\uff09\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u00a0
\n\u7f57\u65af\uff08Rose\uff0c1996 \u5e74\uff0c2004 \u5e74\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u97f3\u4e50\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u8eab\u4f53\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u548c\u653e\u677e\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u60c5\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7f57\u65af\uff082004\uff09\u501f\u9274\u4e86 \u6717\u683c\uff08Langer \uff0c1942 \u5e74\uff0c1953 \u5e74\uff09\u5bf9\u63a8\u8bba\u8c61\u5f81(discursive symbols)\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u8c61\u5f81\uff08presentational symbols\uff09\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f20\u8fbe\u666e\u901a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u8574\u542b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4e86\u547c\u5e94\u7c73\u5c14\u52d2\uff08 Milner\uff0c 1957 \u5e74\uff09\u800c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7684 "\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6216\u5ba1\u7f8e\u6027\u601d\u7ef4"\uff08\u7b2c 98 \u9875\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6717\u683c\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728 "\u540c\u6e90\u7684\uff08isomorphic\uff09 "\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u6e90\u6cc9\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f1a\u5524\u8d77\u542c\u4f17\u6216\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a"\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u9759\u6b62\u3001\u6ee1\u8db3\u548c\u53d8\u5316"\uff08Rose, 2004, p.97\uff09\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6717\u683c\uff08 Langer \uff0c1953 \u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c 27 \u9875\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u00a0"\u97f3\u4e50\u00a0"\u7684\u97f3\u8c03\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u2014\u2014\u589e\u957f\u548c\u8870\u51cf\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6d41\u52a8\u548c\u79ef\u84c4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u505c\u987f\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u5e73\u9759\uff0c\u6216\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u6fc0\u6d3b\u548c\u68a6\u5e7b\u822c\u7684\u5931\u843d\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e0d\u662f\u559c\u60a6\u548c\u60b2\u4f24\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5347\u534e\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5207\u91cd\u8981\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u3001\u77ed\u6682\u548c\u6d88\u901d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1b\u800c\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8282\u594f\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u548c\u5bc2\u9759\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u97f3\u4e50\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u97f3\u8c03\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u63a5\u89e6\u5173\u7cfb\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u529b\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u652f\u6491\u7684\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e3a\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4e8b\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed3\u6784\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53ca\u5176\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u6548\u679c\u56fe\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u5173\u7cfb\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7406\u89e3\u75c5\u4eba\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5f88\u5c11\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u8be5\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u6216\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u73b0\u624d\u80fd\u6700\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u65c5\u7a0b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002
\n\u7f57\u65af\uff08Rose,2004 \u5e74\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u97f3\u4e50\u6210\u4e3a\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4ea4\u8c08\u7684\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u800c\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u4ea4\u8c08\u65e2\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u58f0\u97f3\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u548c\u8282\u594f\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u5907\u6ce8\uff1aKnoblauch (2000) \u4e5f\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\u6027\uff09 \u3002\u6b63\u662f\u672c\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u75c5\u4eba\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u76f4\u89c9\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u559c\u597d\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c9\u8c61\u5f81\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7528\u666e\u901a\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7801\u3002\u00a0
\n\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u5bf9\u60a3\u8005\u6240\u559c\u7231\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u81ea\u6211\u79c1\u5bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u5165\u53e3\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8046\u542c\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u97f3\u8c03\u548c\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\uff0c\u9a7e\u9a6d\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u75c5\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e00\u9996\u97f3\u4e50\u6240\u6253\u52a8\u4ed6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u5728\u8046\u542c\u65f6\u4e5f\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u00a0
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u89c9\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5373\u4f7f\u542c\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u3001\u672a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u542c\u5230\u4e0e\u522b\u4eba\u6240\u542c\u5230\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u3002\u8046\u542c\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5e72\u6270\u521b\u9020\u4e2a\u4eba\u97f3\u4e50\/\u60c5\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u548c\u5c42\u6b21\u611f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u542c\u4f17\u5185\u5fc3\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u590d\u6742\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4f53\u9a8c\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5361\u62c9\u6885\u5c14\uff08Kramer \uff0c2004 \u5e74\uff09\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u5411\u542c\u4f17\u4f20\u8fbe\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u97f3\u4e50 "\u4fe1\u606f "\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\/\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u5982\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u3001\u8868\u6f14\u8005\u3001\u5236\u4f5c\u4eba\u3001\u5f55\u97f3\u5e08\u3001\u542c\u4f17\uff09\u5728\u6700\u540e\u7684\u8046\u542c\u65f6\u523b\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u5907\u6ce8\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7bc7\u5e45\u4e0d\u957f\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7279\u5b9a\u97f3\u4e50\u4f5c\u54c1\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u76f8\u6096\uff08A. Stein, 2004a, 2004b\uff09\uff09\u3002\u5361\u62c9\u6885\u5c14\uff08Kramer \uff0c1988 \u5e74\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea Kramer\uff0c2004 \u5e74\uff09\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u542c\u4f17\u5728\u8046\u542c\u540c\u4e00\u9996\u4e50\u66f2\u65f6\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u542c\u4f17\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u8d1d\u591a\u82ac\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u4e03\u4ea4\u54cd\u66f2\u300b\u65f6,\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a "\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u60b2\u53f9\u7684\u4ea4\u54cd\u66f2"\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u542c\u4f17\u5219\u611f\u5230 "\u53ea\u6709\u6b22\u4e50\u4e0e\u751f\u52a8"\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u5b83 "\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5"\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f "\u666e\u901a\u3001\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u97f3\u4e50"\uff08\u7b2c 40 \u9875\uff09\u3002\u00a0
\n\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u548c\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u8005\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u8c61\u5f81\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c \u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u75c5\u4eba\u542c\u5230\u97f3\u4e50\u65f6\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u8ba9\u75c5\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u97f3\u4e50\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u8046\u542c\u8005\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5bcc\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8054\u60f3\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d4b\u4e88\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u3001\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u6216\u88ab\u6084\u6084\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u8f7d\u7740\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u548c\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u7231\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u00a0
\n\u5bf9\u60a3\u8005\u97f3\u4e50\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5bf9\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5927\u6709\u88e8\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u60a3\u8005\u5bfb\u6c42\u7279\u5b9a\u542c\u89c9\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8046\u542c\u8005\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u4ee5\u5524\u8d77\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u6216\u907f\u514d\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u97f3\u4e50\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u611f\u5230\u6b22\u5feb\u6216\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u60b2\u4f24\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5fd8\u5374\u6216\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u611f\u53d7\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5954\u6d8c\u6216\u662f\u7edd\u5999\u7684\u7ec6\u817b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u97f3\u4e50\u6765\u5206\u6563\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u9ebb\u75f9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u592a\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u628a\u542c\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u9ebb\u9189\u5242\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u548c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u9ebb\u9189\u7684\u786e\u5207\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u800c\u91cf\u8eab\u5b9a\u505a\u3002\u00a0
\n\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u542c\u97f3\u4e50\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff08Glennon, 2008\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u611f\u53d7\u6216\u60f3\u8c61\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6218\u6597\u3001\u559c\u60a6\u6216\u7edd\u671b\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u542c\u4f17\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u7684\uff1a\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u604b\u4eba\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u9677\u5165\u60b2\u4f24\u6216\u6124\u6012\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5065\u8eab\u72c2\u4eba\u5728\u51ef\u65cb\u7684\u5145\u6ee1\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6b4c\u58f0\u4e2d\u7f16\u7ec7\u5979\u5bf9\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u60a3\u8005\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u4ed6\u4eec\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u4e00\u518d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u5185\u5bb9\u4e00\u6837\uff08Person\uff0c1995 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u4e50\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u5c31\u9002\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u524d\u6d77\u519b\u6d77\u8c79\u7a81\u51fb\u961f\u6210\u5458\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u8d44\u6599\u5e93\u91cc\u85cf\u6709\u611f\u4f24\u7684\u706b\u70ac\u6b4c\u66f2\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5355\u604b\u611f\u4f24\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6b4c\u66f2\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8db3\u7403\u5988\u54aa\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5e26\u5b69\u5b50\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5988\u5988\uff09\u5728\u5979\u7684\u8d8a\u91ce\u8f66\u91cc\u8ddf\u7740 Metallica \u4e00\u8d77\u5c16\u53eb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u542c\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u504f\u597d\u3002\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u6d78\u900f\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u79c1\u5bc6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2d\u5bfb\u5230\u4e86\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u00a0
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\n\u6b63\u5982\u97f3\u4e50\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u542c\u4f17\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e5f\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u970d\u5170\uff08Holland\uff0c1975 \u5e74\uff09\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5047\u5b9a\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u672c\u6709\u5343\u7bc7\u4e00\u5f8b\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u970d\u5170\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e00\u7fa4\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u798f\u514b\u7eb3\u7684\u300a\u732e\u7ed9\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u7684\u73ab\u7470\u300b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u970d\u5170\u6beb\u4e0d\u610f\u5916\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9632\u5fa1\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u7279\u6709\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u6587\u672c\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3001\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u00a0
\n\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u970d\u5170\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u5b66\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6027\u683c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8be2\u95ee\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8be2\u95ee\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\uff0c "\u4f60\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e66\uff0c\u8bfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f53\u9a8c\uff1f\u201d\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u6df1\u591c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u95f4\u9699\u65f6\u95f4\u9605\u8bfb\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u719f\u6089\u60c5\u8282\u7684\u5b89\u6170\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9082\u9005\u5947\u95fb\u8da3\u4e8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6fc0\u53d1\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6291\u5236\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u611f\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u559c\u6b22\u6216\u6392\u65a5\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u7269\uff1f\u00a0
\n\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u521b\u610f\u5199\u4f5c\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u60c5\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u827a\u672f\uff08Langer\uff0c1953 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u70ed\u7231\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5145\u6ee1\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e66\u9762\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u5141\u8bb8\u63a2\u7d22\u660e\u786e\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u6210\u5206\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u63a2\u7a76\u6bd4\u4f5c "\u4e3b\u9898\u7edf\u89c9\u6d4b\u8bd5"\uff08TAT\uff1aThematic Apperception Test\uff09\uff08\u9ed8\u91cc\uff0c1938 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5411\u75c5\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5bb9\u6613\u6fc0\u53d1\u8d77\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u51fa\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5411\u60a3\u8005\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u7231\u597d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5361\u7247\u6709\u5f02\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\u4e4b\u5999\u3002\u4e0e TAT \u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u8be2\u95ee\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8be2\u95ee\u60a3\u8005\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u6743\u529b\u5206\u914d\u3001\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5524\u8d77\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u611f\u89c9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fd8\u5141\u8bb8\u8bfb\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6682\u65f6\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u98ce\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u505a\u7740\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u544a\u8bc9\u5206\u6790\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u00a0
\n\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u5171\u9e23\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5510-\u5fb7\u91cc\u7f57\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1aDon DeLillo\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6,\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u8005\u3001\u9610\u91ca\u8005\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u3002\uff09\u7684\u9634\u90c1\u548c\u504f\u6267\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u80cc\u666f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff1f\u8ffd\u968f\u5927\u536b-\u798f\u65af\u7279-\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\uff08David Foster Wallace\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u4ee3\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff09\u5197\u957f\u800c\u7410\u788e\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u548c\u65e0\u7a77\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u811a\u6ce8\u6709\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u76ee\u7684\uff1f\u8bfb\u8005\u4ece\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14-\u5de6\u62c9\uff08Emile Zola\uff09\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u57c3\u5c14\u83ab-\u4f26\u7eb3\u5fb7\uff08Elmore Leonard\uff09\u7684\u4fa6\u63a2\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6216\u96f7\u8499\u5fb7-\u5361\u4f5b\uff08Raymond Carver\uff09\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u84dd\u9886\u6781\u7b80\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u00a0
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